OBJECTIVE: In this study, it was aimed to determine average penile length, and testicular volumes of children aged 0–10 years, and to investigate whether these measurements differ by geographical regions.
MATRERIAL and METHODS: A total of 1156 boys, aged between 7 days and 10 years, who applied to the Urology outpatient clinic between 2015 and 2020 for circumcision or examination, were included in our study. On the dorsal surface of the stretched penis, the distance from the pubic bone to the meatus was measured with a hard ruler. Testicular volumes were measured using Prader orchidometer. The children participated in the study were divided into 7 different groups according to the geographical regions of Turkey.
RESULTS: The mean age of the patients included in the study was 4.35±2.65 years, the average penile length was 5.43±1.11 cm, and the mean volumes of the right and left testicles were 3.15±1.20 and 3.14±1.19 cm3, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference between the regions for penile lengths (p=0.195). Right and left testicle volumes were found to be significantly higher in the Black Sea Region than in the Eastern Anatolia Region and in the Eastern and Southeastern Anatolia Regions for the Central Anatolia region (p=0.013 and p=0.001). Average penile length demonstrated strong correlation with age and height, moderately strong corerlation with weight, and weakly positive correlation with body mass index. Mean volumes for right and left testicles demonstrated moderately strong correlation with age, height and weight, and weak correlation with body mass index.
CONCLUSION: This study presents penile length and testicular volume measurements of 1156 male children aged 0–10 years in our country. While average penile length does not differ by region, testicular volumes differ significantly for some regions.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to explore nursing students’ attitudes and beliefs towards sexual health care.
MATRERIAL and METHODS: The study design was quantitative descriptive. The study was conducted in nursing school of a university in Turkey between April-May 2018. 356 nursing students who volunteered to participate in the research formed the sample of the research. The data were collected using the “Data Collection Form” and the “Sexual Attitude and Beliefs Scale” (SABS).
RESULTS: In this study, the average scores of SABS for nursing students was 42.29±3.65, when compared to the findings of other studies performed with nursing students in Turkey, in our study the sexual attitudes and beliefs of nursing students related to the sexual health care were more negative. In addition, this study also revealed the difference between attitudes and beliefs about sexual health care between the western and eastern countries and our country. Turkish nurses’ attitudes and beliefs about sexual health care were more negative than Western countries. This result shows that our country still has its taboos on sexuality with respect to the West. In this study, the most important obstacle of Turkish nursing students about sexuality was “sexuality subject being too private to subject discuss with patients”.
CONCLUSION: In order to provide holistic nursing care in Turkey, it is required to overcome these obstacles.

OBJECTIVE: Although the international form of erectile function (IIEF) has been used to evaluate erectile function (EI), does it provide us with other parameters that may be a clue to a healthy sex life. Based on the question, we aimed to investigate the parameters that affect the overall satisfaction (GM) score in the light of the available data.
MATRERIAL and METHODS: The IIEF data of 157 patients were analyzed retrospectively. Quantile regression analysis was performed in terms of OS, separately for EF, sexual satisfaction (SS), orgasmic function (OF) and sexual desire (SD).
RESULTS: EF and SD’s relationship with GM lost its continuity in percentilles. OF and SS scores were the most consistent positive correlations with OS.
CONCLUSION: Although the importance of EF on OS is considered to be high, considering all the percentiles according to the results of this study, the male partner focuses on his own sexual performance and the quality of his orgasm while evaluating his satisfaction in the whole of his sexual life.

OBJECTIVE: This study was conducted to determine the views of male healthcare professionals about male-specific birth control pills.
MATRERIAL and METHODS: The sample of the descriptive study consisted of 174 male healthcare professionals working in a public hospital between 15 August and 10 September 2020 and volunteering to participate in the research. The data of the research were collected by using face to face interview method with Information Form Questioning Their Demographic Features and Opinions About Birth Control Methods. Necessary permissions were obtained for the research. SPSS 22 was used for the statistical evaluation of the data.
RESULTS: The average age of male health workers participating in the study is 38.94±10.203. It was found that 27% of male healthcare professionals are undergraduate graduates, 70.7% are married, 51.1% of their income is equal to their expenses and 97.1 of them live in the province. It was found that 40.2% of the participants were health technicians, 33.3% were health officers, 22.4% were doctors, 4.1% were nurses. 78.7% of male healthcare professionals have knowledge of family planning methods, 63.3% of them find their family planning education inadequate, 48.3% of them get information from books and school, 44.3% of them will not use male-specific birth control pills, % It was found that 27.0% could use male-specific birth control pills and 28.7% were undecided. The most important reason for not using the pills as a male-specific birth control method was that they thought they might have systemic side effects (31%). 57.5% of male healthcare workers were found to be the most important feature of contraceptive methods. It was found that 73.6% of male healthcare workers abstained from birth control methods due to lack of information.
CONCLUSION: It was concluded that male healthcare workers would use them at a low rate if male-specific birth control pills were available. It was determined that the most important reason for not using the pills as a malespecific contraceptive method would be systemic side effects. As a result, it is recommended to raise awareness about male-specific birth control pills and to provide necessary training and to work with larger sample groups.

OBJECTIVE: We aimed to evaluate female sexual function according to the infective agent causing a vaginal discharge. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to evaluate the effects of 3 different agents on female sexual function.
MATRERIAL and METHODS: In this prospective, nonrandomized study, a pap-smear was taken from 230 patients who presented with complaints of vaginal discharge. The patients were separated into groups according to the pap-smear results. Patients that presented as normal or with inflammation formed the control group (Group 1, n: 122), and study groups were formed of those presenting with trichomonas (Group 2, n: 27), bacterial vaginosis (Group 3, n: 40) and candidiasis (Group 4, n: 41). Patients with a total score of ≤26.55 were classified as having a female sexual dysfunction.
RESULTS: No statistically significant difference was determined between the groups with respect to total female sexual function index scores and the subdimensions of desire, arousal, wetness, orgasm, satisfaction and pain, and the total number of female sexual dysfunction patients (p>0.05). The number of patients with odorous, colored discharge (white, yellow, green) and itching was significantly higher in Group 1 than in the other groups (p<0.01). In the logistic regression analysis, risk factors for female sexual dysfunction were determined as white-colored vaginal discharge, an education level (middle school and high school) and employment.
CONCLUSION: Vaginal discharge caused by trichomonas, bacterial vaginosis, and candidiasis was not observed to have any effect on female sexual function. There is still no clarification on the subject of vaginal discharge causing female sexual dysfunction.

Combination therapies are used when single drug therapy fails in BPH medical treatment. Various combinations used for this purpose have entered our clinical practice. A combination therapy appropriate to the clinical findings and expectations of each patient can be selected. In this review, current data on the indications and benefits of these combinations will be presented.

Infertility is an important global health problem. If the cause of infertility is known, then that cause is treated. However, no cause capable of accounting for infertility can be established in a significant proportion of infertile couples. Such patients instead receive empiric medical treatment. The purpose of this study is to review the medical treatments employed in male infertility.

Mismatch repair is involved in the repair of different types of DNA damage during the development of male germ cells and also plays important roles in meiotic recombination. It has been reported in animal models and human studies that alterations in MMR genes and expression errors may lead to fertility problems. Sequencing studies have been performed for some of the MMR genes and more information has been provided about the phenotypes observed in some nonobstructive infertile men. However, few recent studies have revealed a potential relationship between epigenetic changes in MMR and male infertility. In this review, our current knowledge about the effects of MMR genes and proteins involved in meiotic recombination and repair processes in spermatogenesis on male fertility is summarized, and it is focused on recent molecular studies investigating the relationship of defects in these genes and proteins with male infertility

Problems related to sexual health not only negatively affect women’s abstinence from sexuality but also their entire quality of life. Midwives are in perfect position to reach women of all ages in primary and secondary health centers, gynecological health and diseases, prepregnancy, pregnancy period, and post-partum period. Midwives have responsibilities as caregiver roles, educator, consultant, advocate, researcher, case manager, they support women at every stage. These roles have a special importance in the focus of “Women’s Sexual Health”. It is of great importance that midwives have a command of the medical, social and psychological aspects of female dysfuntion problems espacially in societies such as our where female sexuality is not easily expressed. Midwives have an important place in sexual health education, informing with counseling, raising awareness, refering to appropriate centers, training for follow-up and treatment after diagnosis, and case management services. Midwifery practices are not only limited with pregnancy, birth and family planning services. With a broad perspective on women’s health, it is of great importance for midwives to be aware of their roles and responsibilities within the scope of “Women’s Sexual Health”. However, directive studies on the subject are limited in our country. The aim of this review is to draw attention to the roles and functions of midwives under the problem of vaginismus, which has an important place in female sexual presentation in our country, like 50%, and to highlight professional support areas that will be the treatment for vaginismus. These imformations will emphasize the importance of addressing women’s health together with the sexuality dimension and will keep it in scope of their midwifery professional practices.